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CTLA-4 / CD28 Signaling Pathway: Empowering Next-Generation Immunotherapy

As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4) serves as a critical "molecular brake" in immune regulation. It is mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and is constitutively highly expressed on regulatory T cells (Treg), acting as a pivotal checkpoint for regulating immunosuppressive functions and maintaining immune homeostasis.

The T cell activation "switch" is coordinately regulated by the interplay of CD28 (costimulatory) and CTLA-4 (coinhibitory) receptors with their shared ligands, B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), on Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs):

1. The Activation Signaling: Upon TCR-mediated recognition of the MHC-peptide complex (Signal 1), CD28 binds to APC-expressed B7 molecules (B7-1 or B7-2) to deliver a vital costimulatory signal (Signal 2). This initiates T cell immune responses, promotes T cell proliferation, upregulates cytokine secretion (e.g., IL-2), and enhances T cell effector functions (e.g., CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity).

2. The Inhibitory Signaling: CTLA-4 exhibits a significantly higher affinity for B7 molecules than CD28, and thus preferentially binds to B7 molecules to competitively abrogate CD28-B7-mediated costimulatory signals. This eliminates the critical costimulatory boost for T cell activation and thereby prevents tissue damage induced by excessive immune activation.

Therapeutic Strategies and Clinical Landscape

The CTLA-4/CD28 pathway has become a cornerstone in oncology and autoimmune disease research. Current therapeutic strategies focus on:

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Applications	Therapeutic Strategy Representative Drugs / Pipelines	Representative Drugs / Pipelines	Mechanism of Action	R&D Company/Team
Tumor Therapy	CTLA-4 Monoclonal Antibody	Ipilimumab (Yervoy®)	Blocks the binding of CTLA-4 to CD80/CD86, relieves the inhibition of T cell activation, and activates T cells	Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS)
		Tremelimumab	Fully humanized IgG2 monoclonal antibody that specifically blocks the CTLA-4 pathway and activates T cells	AstraZeneca
		IBI310	Domestic CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody with the same mechanism as Ipilimumab (blocks CTLA-4/CD80/CD86 interactions)	Innovent Biologics
	PD-1/CTLA-4Bispecific Antibody	Cadonilimab	Simultaneously targets PD-1 and CTLA-4 dual targets, synergistically relieves immune checkpoint inhibition, and enhances T cell activation	Akeso Biopharma/Simcere Pharmaceutical
	PD-1/CTLA-4Bispecific Antibody	QL1706(Epalorelitovorimab)	PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody with optimized toxicity profile through molecular design (reduces the toxic and side effects of traditional combination therapy)	Qilu Pharma
	CTLA-4/LAG-3 Bispecific Antibody	MGD019	Simultaneously blocks two immune checkpoints, CTLA-4 and LAG-3, synergistically relieves T cell inhibition and enhances activation effects	MacroGenics
	CTLA-4 Antibody Prodrug	ProCTLA-4	Prodrug form of CTLA-4 antibody, which is specifically cleaved and activated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the tumor microenvironment to achieve targeted action at the tumor site	Yangxin Fu/Wenyan Wang Team
	CTLA-4 Antibody Prodrug	Evalstotug (BA3071)	pH-responsive CTLA-4 antibody that only undergoes conformational changes and activates in the acidic tumor microenvironment, reducing toxicity to normal tissues	BeiGene
	CTLA-4/PD-L1/VEGF Trispecific Antibody	CS2009	Simultaneously blocks two immune checkpoints (CTLA-4 and PD-L1) and VEGF angiogenesis factor, synergistically achieving dual effects of immune activation and tumor angiogenesis inhibition	CStone Pharmaceuticals
Autoimmune Disease Therapy	CTLA-4-Ig Fusion Protein	Abatacept	Fusion of the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 with the Fc segment of IgG1, competitively binds to CD80/CD86, and inhibits excessive T cell activation	Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS)
Prevention of Organ Transplant Rejection	Optimized CTLA-4-Ig Fusion Protein	Belatacept	Modified extracellular domain of CTLA-4 to enhance affinity for CD80/CD86, more efficiently inhibits T cell activation (reduces immune responses related to transplant rejection)	Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS)

To meet the rigorous demands of drug development targetingCTLA-4/CD28/B7-1/B7-2, we have developed a specialized product matrix covering the entire R&D lifecycle.

• Recombinant Proteins: Multiple species (Human, Mouse, NHP) & tags (His, Fc, Avi).

• Inhibitor Screening Kits: Rapid, ready-to-use kits for B7-1/B7-2: CTLA-4 interaction.

• Anti-CD28 Antibodies: Fluorescently labeled, Premium Grade (PG), and GMP-grade for cell activation & sorting.

• Customization Services: Customized products and technical support on demand.

Key Advantages of Target Proteins

High purity and native structure verified by MALS/HPLC

High bioactivity verified by ELISA/SPR/FACS, etc.

Strict QC inspection ensures high batch-to-batch consistency

Product List

CTLA4

B7-1(CD80)

B7-2(CD86)

CD28

Cat. No.	Molecule	Nature	Product Description	Order Now
CT4-M5256	CTLA-4	Protein	Mouse CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-H5284	CTLA-4	Protein	Human CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, Twin-Strep Tag	Order
CT4-M82E7	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Mouse CTLA-4 Protein, His,Avitag™	Order
CT4-H5229	CTLA-4	Protein	Human CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, His Tag	Order
CT4-R5259	CTLA-4	Protein	Rat CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-HP2H3	CTLA-4	Protein	PE-Labeled Human CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, His TagStar Staining	Order
CT4-H52A4	CTLA-4	Protein	Human CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, mouse IgG2a Fc Tag, low endotoxin (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-C82E5	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CTLA-4 Protein, Avitag™,His Tag	Order
CT4-H52H9	CTLA-4	Protein	Human CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, His Tag, active dimer, low endotoxin (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-M82F3	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Mouse CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, Fc,Avitag™ (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-C82F3	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CTLA-4 Protein, Fc,Avitag™ (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-H5255	CTLA-4	Protein	Human CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-H82E1	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Human CTLA-4 Protein, His,Avitag™	Order
CT4-M52H5	CTLA-4	Protein	Mouse CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-H82E3	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Human CTLA-4 Protein, His,Avitag™ (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-C5256	CTLA-4	Protein	Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CTLA-4 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-C5227	CTLA-4	Protein	Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CTLA-4 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CT4-H82F3	CTLA-4	Protein	Biotinylated Human CTLA-4 Protein, Fc,Avitag™	Order
CT4-R52H6	CTLA-4	Protein	Rat CTLA-4 / CD152 Protein, His Tag	Order
EP-116	CTLA-4	Kits	B7-1 [Biotinylated] : CTLA-4 Inhibitor Screening ELISA Kit	Order
EP-117	CTLA-4	Kits	B7-2 [Biotinylated] : CTLA-4 Inhibitor Screening ELISA Kit	Order
FABm043-01	CTLA-4	Antibody	PE-Labeled Monoclonal Anti-Human CTLA-4 Antibody, Mouse IgG2a (AS628) (0.03% Proclin)	Order

Cat. No.	Molecule	Nature	Product Description	Order Now
B71-H5259	B7-1	Protein	Human B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
B71-H82E9	B7-1	Protein	Biotinylated Human B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Avitag™,His Tag (recommended for biopanning) (MALS verified)	Order
B71-H52A4	B7-1	Protein	Human B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Mouse IgG2a Fc Tag, low endotoxin (MALS verified)	Order
CD0-M5228	B7-1	Protein	Mouse B7-1 / CD80 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
B71-H5228	B7-1	Protein	Human B7-1 / CD80 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
B71-H82F2	B7-1	Protein	Biotinylated Human B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Fc,Avitag™ (MALS verified)	Order
CD0-C5252	B7-1	Protein	Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
B71-H82F3	B7-1	Protein	Biotinylated Human B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Fc,Avitag™, premium grade	Order
CD0-M5259	B7-1	Protein	Mouse B7-1 / CD80 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD0-C52H3	B7-1	Protein	Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque B7-1 / CD80 Protein, His Tag, low endotoxin (MALS verified)	Order
B71-R52H9	B7-1	Protein	Rat B7-1 / CD80 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order

Cat. No.	Molecule	Nature	Product Description	Order Now
CD6-C5254	B7-2	Protein	Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque B7-2 / CD86 Protein, Fc Tag	Order
CD6-H82F5	B7-2	Protein	Biotinylated Human B7-2 / CD86 Protein, Fc,Avitag™, premium grade	Order
CD6-H5223	B7-2	Protein	Human B7-2 / CD86 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD6-M5251	B7-2	Protein	Mouse B7-2 / CD86 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD6-M52H0	B7-2	Protein	Mouse B7-2 / CD86 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD6-C52H5	B7-2	Protein	Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque B7-2 / CD86 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD6-H5257	B7-2	Protein	Human B7-2 / CD86 Protein, Fc Tag, premium grade	Order
CD6-R52H9	B7-2	Protein	Rat B7-2 / CD86 Protein, His Tag	Order

Cat. No.	Molecule	Nature	Product Description	Order Now
CD8-H525a	CD28	Protein	Human / Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CD28 Protein, Fc Tag, active dimer, low endotoxin (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-H82E5	CD28	Protein	Biotinylated Human / Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CD28 Protein, His,Avitag™, active dimer (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-M82E3	CD28	Protein	Biotinylated Mouse CD28 Protein, His,Avitag™, active dimer (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-H52A5	CD28	Protein	Human / Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CD28 Protein, Mouse IgG2a Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-H82F2	CD28	Protein	Biotinylated Human / Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CD28 Protein, Fc,Avitag™, active dimer (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-M52H6	CD28	Protein	Mouse CD28 Protein, His Tag, active dimer (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-M5258	CD28	Protein	Mouse CD28 Protein, Fc Tag (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-H52H3	CD28	Protein	Human / Cynomolgus / Rhesus macaque CD28 Protein, His Tag, active dimer, low endotoxin (MALS verified)	Order
CD8-R52H9	CD28	Protein	Rat CD28 Protein, His Tag	Order
CRS-A014	CD28	Kits	resDetect™ Anti-CD28 Antibody ELISA Kit	Order
CD8-M120b	CD28	Antibody	Monoclonal Anti-Human CD28 Antibody, premium grade	Order
CD8-BM225	CD28	Antibody	Biotinylated Anti-Human CD28 Antibody, Mouse IgG1,Avitag™, premium grade	Order
CD8-C112GN	CD28	Antibody	Monoclonal Anti-Human CD28 Antibody, Research Grade	Order
CD8-AHFC1	CD28	Antibody	APC-Labeled Monoclonal Anti-Human CD28 Antibody, Mouse IgG1 (0.03% Proclin)	Order
GMP-MC2824	CD28	Antibody	GMP Monoclonal Anti-Human CD28 Antibody	Order
CD8-PCFC1	CD28	Antibody	PE-Labeled Monoclonal Anti-Human CD28 Antibody, Mouse IgG1 (0.03% Proclin)	Order

Verification Data

MALS-Verified CTLA-4 Dimer Structure

Human CTLA-4, Fc Tag on SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) and non-reducing (NR) conditions. The gel was stained with Coomassie Blue. The purity of the protein is greater than 98%. The purity of Human CTLA-4, Fc Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H5255) is more than 90% and the molecular weight of this protein is around 82-100 kDa verified by SEC-MALS.

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High Binding Activity of B7-2 and CTLA-4 Verified by ELISA

Immobilized Human B7-2, His Tag (Cat. No. CD6-H5223) at 10 μg/mL (100 μL/well) can bind Human CTLA-4, Fc Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H5255) with a linear range of 2-78 ng/mL (QC tested).

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High Binding Activity of CD28 and B7-1 Verified by ELISA

Immobilized Biotinylated Mouse CD28, His,Avitag (Cat. No. CD8-M82E3) at 1 μg/mL (100 μL/well) on Streptavidin (Cat. No. STN-N5116) precoated (0.5 μg/well) plate, can bind Human B7-1, Mouse IgG2a Fc Tag (Cat. No. B71-H52A4) with a linear range of 0.2-5 ng/mL (Routinely tested).

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Binding Affinity of CTLA-4 and B7-1 Verified by BLI

Loaded Human CTLA-4, Fc Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H5255) on Protein A Biosensor, can bind Human B7-1, His Tag (Cat. No. B71-H5228) with an affinity constant of 0.52 μM as determined in BLI assay (ForteBio Octet Red96e) (Routinely tested).

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Binding Affinity of CTLA-4 and B7-2 Verified by BLI

Loaded Human CTLA-4, Fc Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H5255) on Protein A Biosensor, can bind Human B7-2, His Tag (Cat. No. CD6-H5223) with an affinity constant of 1.9 μM as determined in BLI assay (ForteBio Octet Red96e) (Routinely tested).

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Binding Activity of CTLA-4 and Cadonilimab (PD-1 x CTLA-4 BsAb) Verified by ELISA

Immobilized Human CTLA-4, His Tag (Cat. No. CT4-H5229) at 5 μg/mL, add increasing concentrations of Cadonilimab (PD-1 x CTLA-4 bispecific antibody) and then add Biotinylated Human PD-1, Fc,Avitag (Cat. No. PD1-H82F1) at 0.2 μg/mL. (Routinely tested).

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Binding Activity of CTLA-4 and Ipilimumab Verified by SPR

Biotinylated Human CTLA-4, His,Avitag (Cat. No. CT4-H82E3) captured on Biotin CAP - Series S sensor Chip can bind Yervoy (Ipilimumab) with an affinity constant of 0.635 nM as determined in a SPR assay (Biacore T200) (Routinely tested).

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Anti-CTLA-4 Neutralizing Antibody Screening via B7-1 [Biotinylated]: CTLA-4 Inhibitor Screening Kit

Serial dilutions of Anti-CTLA-4 Neutralizing antibody (Catalog # EP116-C04) (1:1 serial dilution, from 10 μg/mL to 0.078μg/mL) was added into CTLA-4: Biotinlated B7-1 binding reactions. The assay was performed according to the protocol described below. (QC tested).

Quantitative Detection of CTLA-4×OX40 BsAb in Human Serum by ELISA

Quantitative Analysis of CTLA-4 x OX40 Bispecific Antibody in Human Serum by Intact Assay.
Immobilized Human OX40 Protein, His Tag (MALS verified) (Cat. No. OX0-H5224) at 2 μg/mL, add increasing concentrations of CTLA-4 x OX40 bispecific antibody in 50% Human serum and then add Biotinylated Human CTLA-4, His, Avitag (Cat. No. CT4-H82E3) at 0.2 μg/mL. Detection was performed using HRP-conjugated streptavidin with sensitivity of 4 ng/mL (Intact assay, Routinely tested).

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CTLA-4 Clinical Drug Information

English Name	Research Code	Highest Development Stage	Company	Indication	Clinical Trial
B7-2/GM-CSF cancer gene therapy	CIT	Phase 1 Clinical	Radient	Neoplasms	Details
BAT-4706	BAT-4706	Phase 1 Clinical	Bio-Thera Solutions Ltd	Solid tumours; Melanoma	Details
SKB-337	SKB337; A-337; SKB-337	Phase 1 Clinical	Sichuan Kelun-Biotech Biopharmaceutical Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
TWP-102	TWP-102	Phase 1 Clinical	Therawisdom Biopharma Co Ltd	Neoplasms	Details
Imiquimod/Zalifrelimab	UGN-302; UGN-201+UGN-301	Phase 1 Clinical	Urogen Pharma	Urinary Bladder Neoplasms	Details
IMM-27M	IMM-27M; IMM27M; SYN27M; SYN-27M	Phase 1 Clinical	ImmuneOnco Biopharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Neoplasms; Pathologic Processes; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular	Details
SV-102	SV-102; SV102; SYNC-T SV-102	Phase 1 Clinical	Syncromune Inc	Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant	Details
TG-6050	TG-6050	Phase 1 Clinical	Transgene Sa	Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
KM602	KM602; KM-602; XZP-KM602	Phase 1 Clinical	Xuanzhu (Shijiazhuang) Biotechnology Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
STW204/Gotistobart	AI-061	Phase 1 Clinical	Oncoc4 Inc	Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Melanoma; Endometrial Neoplasms; Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Stomach Neoplasms; Anus Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms	Details
GK-201	GK201; GK-201	Phase 1 Clinical	Suzhou Guokuang Pharmaceutical Tech Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
HC-010(Shanghai Hongcheng)	HC-010; HC010	Phase 1 Clinical	Shanghai Hongcheng Pharmaceutical Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
BZE-2209	BZE-2209; BZE2209; αPD1/CTLA4-MSLN-CAR T Cells	Phase 1 Clinical	Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
A-337 (Klus Pharma)	A337 (Klus Pharma); A-337 (Klus Pharma)	Phase 1 Clinical	Klus Pharma Inc	Neoplasms	Details
CS-2009	CS-2009	Phase 1 Clinical	Cstone Pharmaceuticals	Solid tumours; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
CTLA-4 Mab (Beijng Immunoah Pharma Tech)	5E3 (Beijng Immunoah Pharma Tech); CTLA-4 Mab (Beijng Immunoah Pharma Tech)	Phase 1 Clinical	Beijng Immunoah Pharma Tech Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
GIGA-564	GIGA-564	Phase 1 Clinical		Solid tumours; Neoplasms	Details
SAL-008	SAL-008	Phase 1 Clinical	Xinlitai (Chengdu) Biological Technology Co Ltd	Neoplasms	Details
VDJ-142	VDJ-142	Phase 1 Clinical	Beijing Vdjbio Co Ltd	Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Inflammation	Details
Ipilimumab biosimilar (Mab-Venture/ShuangLu Pharmaceutical)	MV-049	Phase 1 Clinical	Beijing Sl Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Mab-Venture Biopharm Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
Anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody (Regeneron)	REGN-4659	Phase 1 Clinical	Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc	Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
ATOR-1015	ADC-1015; ATOR-1015	Phase 1 Clinical	Alligator Bioscience Ab	Solid tumours; Neoplasms	Details
Bavunalimab	XmAb-22841; XmAb-841	Phase 1 Clinical	Xencor Inc	Prostatic Neoplasms; Melanoma; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Penile Neoplasms; Endometrial Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Solid tumours; Cholangiocarcinoma; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Stomach Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck	Details
KN-044	KN-044	Phase 1 Clinical	Suzhou Alphamab Co Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
JS-007	JS007; JS-007	Phase 2 Clinical	Shanghai Junshi Biosciences Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma	Details
PD-L1 antibody combined with CTLA-4 antibody (Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital)		Phase 2 Clinical	Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital	Cholangiocarcinoma	Details
Muzastotug	ADG-126	Phase 2 Clinical	Adagene Inc	Liver Neoplasms; Solid tumours; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
RP-3	RP-3	Phase 2 Clinical	Replimune Inc	Solid tumours; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular	Details
Vilastobart	XTX-101; XTX101	Phase 2 Clinical	Xilio Development Inc	Colorectal Neoplasms	Details
Anti-CTLA-4/PD-1 expressing EGFR-CAR-T		Phase 2 Clinical	Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute	Solid tumours	Details
GI-102	GI-102	Phase 2 Clinical	GI Innovation Inc	Skin Melanoma; Ovarian Neoplasms; Solid tumours; Liver Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma	Details
COYA-302	COYA302; COYA 302; COYA-302	Phase 2 Clinical	Coya Therapeutics Inc	Parkinson Disease; Frontotemporal Dementia; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	Details
EGL-001	EGL-001	Phase 2 Clinical	Egle Therapeutics	Solid tumours; Neoplasms	Details
HX-044	HX044; HX-044	Phase 2 Clinical	Hanx Biopharmaceuticals Pty Ltd	Solid tumours; Lymphoma	Details
Firastotug	ADG-116	Phase 2 Clinical	Adagene (Suzhou) Ltd	Solid tumours	Details
GI-101	SIM-323; SIM323; SIM0323; GI-101	Phase 2 Clinical	GI Innovation Inc	Solid tumours; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Vaginal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Vulvar Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Melanoma	Details
Sovipostobart	BMS-986249	Phase 2 Clinical	Cytomx Therapeutics Inc	Neoplasms	Details
JK-08	JK-08	Phase 2 Clinical	Xinlitai (Chengdu) Biological Technology Co Ltd	Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Thyroid Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Colorectal Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Solid tumours; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Carcinoma, Renal Cell	Details
Porustobart	HBM-4003; HCAb 4003-2	Phase 2 Clinical	Harbour Biomed	Solid tumours; Neoplasms; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
BT-001	BT-001	Phase 2 Clinical	Transgene Sa	Carcinoma, Merkel Cell; Neoplasms; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Melanoma	Details
KD-6001	KD-6001	Phase 2 Clinical	Shanghai Kanda Bio-Technology Co Ltd, Shanghai Celgen Bio-Pharmaceutical Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma	Details
Anti-CTLA-4 and PD-1 CAR-T cell therapy (Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute)		Phase 2 Clinical	Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute	Neoplasms	Details
BMS-986218 (Bristol-Myers Squibb)	BMS-986218	Phase 2 Clinical	Bristol-Myers Squibb Company	Solid tumours; Liver Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms	Details
Zalifrelimab	AGEN-1884; RebmAb-600; UGN-301	Phase 2 Clinical	4-Antibody AG, Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research	Solid tumours; Carcinoma; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Hemangiosarcoma; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Urologic Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
Quavonlimab	AK-107; MK-1308	Phase 2 Clinical	Zhongshan Akeso Biopharma Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Melanoma; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Details
Abatacept (Orban Biotech)		Phase 2 Clinical	Orban Biotech, The National Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1	Details
PD-L1/CTLA4 bispecific monoclonal antibody (Changhai Hospital)		Phase 2 Clinical	Changhai Hospital Of Shanghai	Pancreatic Neoplasms	Details
Lorigerlimab	MGD-019; AEX1344	Phase 2 Clinical	Macrogenics Inc	Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Neoplasm Metastasis; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Endometrial Neoplasms; Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Hormone-Resistant Prostate Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Neoplasms; Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Solid tumours; Skin Melanoma	Details
Recombinant anti-CTLA-4 human monoclonal antibody (Hualan Biological Engineering)		Phase 2 Clinical	Hualan Genetic Engineering Co Ltd	Melanoma	Details
Vudalimab	XmAb-717; XmAb-20717; XmAb 717	Phase 2 Clinical	Xencor Inc	Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Vulvar Neoplasms; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell; Prostatic Neoplasms; Astrocytoma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Endometrial Neoplasms; Cholangiocarcinoma; Thymoma; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Castration-Sensitive Prostate Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms; Melanoma; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Ovarian Neoplasms; Solid tumours; Rectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Esophageal Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Biliary Tract Neoplasms; Colonic Neoplasms; Adenoma, Acidophil; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Hodgkin Disease; Mesothelioma; Microsatellite instability-high cancer; Adnexal Diseases; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant	Details
Evalstotug	CAB-CTLA-4; BA-3071	Phase 2 Clinical	Bioatla, BeOne Medicines Ltd	Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Melanoma	Details
BMS-986288	BMS-986288	Phase 2 Clinical	Cytomx Therapeutics Inc	Neoplasms	Details
Danvilostomig	SI-B003	Phase 2 Clinical	Sichuan Baili Pharmaceutical Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Esophageal Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Metastatic breast cancer; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Melanoma	Details
YH-001	YH-001	Phase 2 Clinical	Eucure Pharmaceutical Technology (Beijing) Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Alopecia Areata; Sarcoma; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Melanoma; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular	Details
Pembrolizumab/Quavonlimab	MK-1308A	Phase 3 Clinical	Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Msd Ireland (Carlow), MSD R&D（China）Co Ltd	Solid tumours; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma	Details
Nurulimab/Prolgolimab	BCD-217; BCD-145/BCD-100	Phase 3 Clinical	BIOCAD JSC	Skin Melanoma; Melanoma	Details
Ipilimumab biosimilar (Henlius)	HLX13	Phase 3 Clinical	Shanghai Henlius Biotech Inc	Liver Neoplasms; Solid tumours; Esophageal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Mesothelioma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Melanoma	Details
Volrustomig	MEDI-5752; MEDI5752	Phase 3 Clinical	Medimmune Llc	Biliary Tract Neoplasms; Solid tumours; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Esophageal Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Mesothelioma; Sarcoma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular	Details
Erfonrilimab	KN-046; KN046; KNO-46	Phase 3 Clinical	Jiangsu Alphamab Biopharmaceuticals Co Ltd	Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Thymoma; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Thymus Neoplasms; Biliary Tract Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Colonic Neoplasms; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Solid tumours	Details
Gotistobart	ONC-392; BNT316; BNT-316	Phase 3 Clinical	Oncoimmune Inc	Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Melanoma; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Metastatic breast cancer; Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Prostatic Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Solid tumours; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Anorectal disorders; Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Stomach Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Head and Neck Neoplasms	Details
RP-2	RP-2	Phase 3 Clinical	Replimune Group Inc	Neoplasms; Uveal melanoma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions	Details
Botensilimab	AGEN-1181	Phase 3 Clinical	Agenus Inc	Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Melanoma; Adenocarcinoma; Endometrial Neoplasms; Esophageal adenocarcinoma; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Colorectal Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Microsatellite Instability; Solid tumours; Neoplasms; Colonic Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Hemangiosarcoma; Esophageal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Stomach Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms	Details
CS-1002	CS-1002; SHR-8068	Phase 3 Clinical	Cstone Pharmaceuticals	Solid tumours; Biliary Tract Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms	Details